Hip Bone (Coxal Bone)

What is the Coxal Bone

Coxal bone, also referred to as the hip bone, innominate bone, or pelvic bone, is a non-uniform bone found bilaterally on the body. These left and right hip bones join to constitute the pelvic girdle, housing the vital organs of the lower abdomen. Although it appears as a single bone, it consists of three merged bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Where is the Coxal Bone Located

The coxal bone is situated on each side of the pelvis. Anatomically, it is positioned just below the backbone or spinal column. These bones can be easily palpated by touching the sides of the hip region.

Quick Facts

Functions

• Constitute the pelvis, along with the sacrum and coccyx, housing the vital organs such as kidneys, urinary bladder, a part of the lower intestine, and reproductive organs.
• Connect the lower limbs with the axial skeleton.
• Provide support for the body weight during sitting or movement.

Parts and Anatomy

Three distinct bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis, fuse to form the pelvic bone. These three bones give rise to a cup-shaped socket known as the acetabulum. Coxal bones also feature another distinctive landmark, obturator foramen.

Important Landmarks

Acetabulum

As mentioned, the three bones of the hip unite to form this prominent bony landmark, present on the lateral sides. It is a cup-shaped socket-like structure featuring a moon-shaped articular surface, called lunate surface for the head of the femur. So, here, the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum, forming the hip joint.

Obturator foramen

At the anteroinferior side of the acetabulum, there is a large obturator foramen bounded by the pubis and ischium. The major portion of this foramen remains covered by a flat connective tissue membrane called the obturator membrane.

Bones That Form the Hip Bone

As we know, the three bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis, form the hip bone. The ilium is the largest and most superior part of the bone, the ischium forms the posteroinferior side, and the pubis or pubic bone forms the anterior aspect. Below is a quick overview of these bones:

Ilium

It is a blade-shaped bone comprising two parts: the body, and ala or wing. The body is the smaller, inferior part, while the ala is the superior expanded part of the bone. The body of the bone contributes to the formation of the acetabulum. The superior border of the wing is thickened, giving rise to the iliac crest.

Ischium

It is the posterior and inferior part of the bone, which is divided into two main parts: the body, and two rami (superior ramus and inferior ramus). The body is the largest portion of the bone, projecting upwards to join the ilium and the superior ramus of the pubis.

Pubis (Pubic Bone)

Pubis, also known as pubic bone, is the smallest component of the hip bone, forming its anterior and inferior parts. Its two main parts are the body and two rami (superior ramus and inferior ramus). The body is located anteromedially, and the two rami extend posterollatery from the body. The pubic body of the left and right hip bones articulates with each other at the pubic symphysis.

Articulations

1. Sacroiliac joint: It is a synovial joint formed between the ilium and the sacrum.

2. Pubic symphysis: The pubic bodies of the left and right hip bones articulate with each other, forming this secondary cartilaginous joint.

3. Hip joint: This ball-and-socket joint is formed between the hip bone and femur. The ball-like head of the femur fits into the socket-like acetabulum.

Muscle Attachments

Several muscles that attach to or originate from the hip bone are as follows:

Muscles that attach to the hip bone

1. Abdominal muscles:

• Abdominal external oblique muscle
• Abdominal internal oblique muscle
• Transversus abdominis muscle

2. Back muscles

• Multifidus muscle

3. Shoulder muscles

• Latissimus dorsi

Muscles that originate from the hip bone

1. Gluteal muscles

• Gluteus maximus muscle
• Gluteus medius muscle
• Gluteus minimus muscle

2. Lateral rotator group

• Piriformis muscle
• Superior gemellus muscle
• Obturator internus muscle
• Inferior gemellus muscle
• Obturator externus muscle

3. Hamstrings

• Long head biceps femoris
• Semitendinosus
• Semimembranosus

4. Anterior compartment of thigh

• Rectus femoris muscle
• Sartorius muscle

Ossification

The coxal bone is ossified from eight centers: three primary and five secondary. The three primary centers give rise to the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The remaining five secondary ossification centers form the iliac crest, the inferior anterior spine, tuberosity of the ischium, the pubic symphysis, and one or more for the Y-shaped piece at the bottom of the acetabulum.

These ossification centers appear in the following order:

1. For ilium, at the 8th week of fetal life.
2. For ischium, during 4-6 months of gestational period.
3. For pubis, during 4-6 months of fetal life.
4. For acetabulum, during puberty.

The three bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis, fuse at 7-9 years via triradiate cartilage. The complete fusion, through the formation of the acetabulum, occurs at 20-25 years by replacing the triradiate cartilage.

References

1. The Coxal Bone – Teachmeanatomy.info
2. Coxal bone – Kenhub.com
3. Coxal bone – Anatomystandard.com
4. Hip Bone Anatomy – Getbodysmart.com
5. Innominate bones – Radiopaedia.org